Benefits Of Delegation For Ron Business Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2845 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Case study Did you like this example? Non-Profit Organisations: The Purpose of this type of organisations is different from The Goldenstate Manufacturers because they are established for the social purposes for instance to help poor people, giving grants away. And the reason for the establishment is to serve the community and take care of the people as compared to the Goldenstate manufacturers they only based on their profit. Examples of this type of organisations are Greenpeace, Red Cross. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Benefits Of Delegation For Ron Business Essay" essay for you Create order Governmental Organisations: The Purpose of these organisations is to administrate the specific functions, perform specific work and comply with the rules and regulations made by the government which differs it from The Goldenstate Manufactures. The aim for the establishment could be look after the community, provide them safe and secure environment rather than making profit like Goldenstate manufacturers. Examples for this type of organisations are Army, Police. Public owned organisations: The purpose of this type of organisations could be profit making but spend all for the community development as compared to the Goldenstate Manufactures. And the reason for the establishment is to provide employment to the local community, Make the environment clean which is quite dissimilar to the Goldenstate Manufactures. Examples can be public trusts. Q 1.2 Sol: Mark (CEO): The first role that Mark as a CEO of the company need to carry out is Figurehead, as he has to communicate with the people across the organisations and also represents the company to the outside world. The second Role/function is planning, as part of his job planning is very important. The process of thinking before doing is called planning. He needs to be pre-planned of the future aspects to run the company to get the objectives. Carl (Operational Manager): The first role/function is to co-coordinate with every section. As an operational manager his job should be helping each and every section under him to achieve their goals. Otherwise sections may work at cross purposes if their efforts and activities are not properly coordinated. The second role/function could be as a Disturbance Handler because he is the one in the organisation, who needs to take initiative, dealing with conflicts from different departments. Quality Control Manager: The first function that he needs to be followed is controlling the quality of the product. Also, his aim should be to check that products and services carried out by the organisation meets the internal and external requirements. The role for the quality control manager can be act like a monitor, as he has to monitor and advise the performance of the quality system and also produce reports on the performance and match it with the standards. Research and Development Manager: The function of the research and development manager needs to be finding and developing new products for manufacturing and also processes in accordance with market demands and applying new technologies The role that needs to be followed is acting as a leader. Duties as a leader includes lead key projects with Research and development to support business goals, communication with people at all levels to get the information. Q 1.3(a) Sol: It can be clearly seen that Goldenstate Manufacturers as a large textile manufacturing company is not meeting its purposes effectively. Following are the reason behind this: Companys Production has dropped by 20% over the past 18 months. Customer complaints have increased as per the quality of the goods is not up to the standards. Operation department is much disorganised. General Managers of some departments are not effective in reaching the purposes of the organisation. Staff turnover is high in some of the departments. Q 1.3(b) Sol: Leadership skills: Leadership skills are the ability of someone to make decisions and inspire other to perform better. An effective leadership skill helps the person to set and achieve the challenging goals and to make decisive action in difficult situations. Interpersonal skills: Interpersonal skills are used by a person to interact with others at different levels in the organisations. People with goods interpersonal skills can be represent his team or whole organisation as a figurehead or a leader. Delegation Skills: Delegation skills help a person to complete a task very responsibly by delegating it to the right person. It also helps to bring the responsible staff to the front and helps them to develop their skills. Performance Management skills: Performance management skills help the manager to check the performance of his team or staff effectively. It includes interviews with the staff, monitor the work. Q 1.3(c) Sol: why these skills are important: Leadership skills: This skill is very important for someone to effectively lead the team. It could be very important for James, The Dyeing Manager to properly manage the staff under him as we can see his staff is unmanaged due lack of leadership skills. Interpersonal skills: These skills are very important for Carl, the General Manager of Operations to communicate at all levels. Due to absent of these skills he finds it hard to communicate with higher levels and also at same level people to him. Delegation Skills: The skills are highly valued for the managers of all the departments of Goldenstate Manufactures but mainly in the knitting and finishing departments because their staff turnover is high. Staff can be motivated through delegating those jobs and give them autonomy for specific tasks. Performance Management skills: These skills are important for Carl, the General Manager of Operations to check the performance of each departme nt because of the largest department in the company which is not performing well. It can be done through the managers at each department and managers can further apply these skills to check the performance of their staff and report it to Carl. Q 2.1(a) Sol: From all of the leadership theories, I think Ron; the finishing Manager closely aligns with Behavioural Theory. As we can see he follows the same approach as of the Adam, the knitting manager who is more likely follows autocratic approach. Adam believes in My Way or No Way. Rons Leadership is autocratic because his leadership depends on Adams Behaviour. In the case study it can be clearly seen that his autocratic behaviour on the staff is not allowing them to do the things without his knowledge. Q 2.1(b) Sol: Leadership Style- Adam, the Knitting Manager: From the case study, it is quite cleared that Adam follows the autocratic Leadership style, as his philosophy is My way or no way which is more of the autocratic. He has control over all the decisions for his staff and he does not allow any staff member to do the things without his knowledge. Leadership Style- James, the Dyeing Manager: The leadership style of James is Laissez-Faire. James is much relying on his staff, as he does not care if the workers do their job or not. He gives full freedom to the staff and follows a completely hands-off approach, which is more likely an approach that is followed by Laissez-Faire style. Q 2.1(c) Sol: Leadership Style- Adam, the Knitting Manager: According to my point of view, I think Autocratic leadership style of Adam is not appropriate. following are the reason why this style is not appropriate: Due to his autocratic behaviour staff is unable to contribute ideas in any decisions made by him which results in lack of creative solutions. Staff turnover is high in his department which is the reason of his autocratic behaviour. Leadership Style- James, the Dyeing Manager: The Laissez-faire style following by James does not seem appropriate. Due to the following reasons I believe that this style is not suitable: Laissez-faire style is not ideal in his department because staff members lack the knowledge that they need to make decisions and complete tasks. Dyeing department is always behind the deadlines to complete their task, as stitching department waits for them to get the fabrics. Because of the more freedom to staff, they do not care about their manager, does not work on time and not effectively which leads to poor quality of work. Q 2.2(a) Sol: Herzbergs Two-Factor Theory: Herzbergs two-factor theory states that there are different factors which influence the people in different ways that affects their behaviour to work. Some of them cause job satisfaction and other job dissatisfaction. Job satisfaction factors are called satisfiers (motivating factors) and job dissatisfaction factors are called dissatisfiers (Hygiene factors). This theory tells the difference between both the hygiene and motivating factors. To motivate someone there is the need to increase satisfiers (Motivating Factors) and also keeping in mind not to ignore the dissatisfiers (Hygiene Factors). Difference between the two factors: Motivators gives positive satisfaction that arise from basic conditions of the job such as Achievements, Recognition, Responsibility, Advancement, Personal Growth whereas Hygiene factors does not give positive satisfaction. The hygiene factors could be Status, Security, Relationship with the Subordinates, Salary, Work Conditions, Company policies. To motivate Carl: To motivate Carl, Mark has to identify his Hygiene factors which are sticking Carl to the workplace. Even though these factors do not give positive satisfaction for long period but still if these factors are absent, they may lead to dissatisfaction from the job. In Carls situation the hygiene factors could be status, Recognition as he is more strict and firm in his job. Other factors can be loyalty, pay, job security, as he has been working for this company for long time. After identifying the satisfiers, the next thing that Carl has to do is to think about how he can satisfy his motivational factors. The things that he can do are set goals for Carl to achieve some targets such as makes the clothes ready before the deadlines, Increase production by 10% in 1 year. And if he achieve his targets given to him, he will be promoted to the higher position or he will get increase in salary as well as an extra bonus will be given to him if he successfully reaches the target of increase in 1 0% of production target. These are the satisfiers which can motivate him to do the goods job and by this his dissatisfaction to the job can be avoided. Q 2.2(b) Sol: Following are the four ways that Adam must do to motivate his staff and also how he might do these: In the case study it is quite cleared that Adams approach is autocratic. He is too strict to his staff do not allow them to take initiates. The first way that he has to do to motivate the staff is to change his leadership style from autocratic to democratic. The thing which lacks in the department is I think trust between staff and manager which makes the staff to look for another jobs. To do so, he can delegate jobs to his staff which can create trust between him and staff. This is the factor for staff to be motivated. And leads staff to remain in the job for longer periods. Another reason for staff leaving the job is they are not always cleared about the task that they are doing and they get much pressure from the manager to do it. They gets de motivated and looks for other opportunities. So the thing that Adam must do is make the communication clear between him and his staff and communication should not be one way. He might do this by organising meetings with the staff before handing over them any task and also makes the meeting open for suggestions and also get their feedback to check how cleared they are about the task that is given to them. One more way to motivate staff that he must do is check the future aspirations of the staff to know if they do not feel that they can achieve their future goals in this organisation. That can be biggest reason for them to leave the job and to join other organisations. To check their future goals he might sit with each of the staff and ask them about their future aspirations and he can promise them if they do their work properly, he will help them to fulfil their aspirations. Providing them more attractive, healthy and safe environment could be the other way that can make the employees to stay on. Adam might do this by making sure the furniture and equipments in the department complies health and safety requirements. Make rest rooms for the employees where they can take time out. Q 2.3(a) Sol: Benefits of delegation for Ron: Increases motivation: In the case study Ron follows autocratic approach and he does not allow staff to take initiatives. If he delegates the task to the staff, it can create the trust between him and his staff which makes the staff to be motivated. When staff gets new tasks and opportunity, responsibilities they will be motivated to do their best to get the job done. Delegation also gives a message to the staff that you trust them. Opportunity for the staff to develop the skills: The other benefit of the delegation is staff development. If Ron delegates the task to any staff, it gives the opportunity to the staff to develop his skills. In this way new leaders can be formed in the department. More skilled people in the department bring more productivity to the work. Time management: As in the case study it is cleared that finishing department always go up the deadlines to send the fabrics to the stitching departments. Time management is the bigger thing that they have to think about. By delegating the tasks to the staff Ron can manage the time properly. This could actually save his time as the work will be divided within the staff on behalf of their skills and the results will be more effective than the usual ways. At the end finishing department will easily finish their work within the deadlines. Q 2.3(b) Sol: Steps for the effective delegation: Selecting the task and find appropriate person: Choosing the task is the first step for Ron to do because there are some tasks that involve sensitive or confidential information that cannot be delegated. For Ron he can only delegate the tasks which do not want much supervision and quality for example shrinking tasks of fabrics. Finding appropriate person for the delegated task is the second step to be followed. It is very important for Ron to spend a lot of time to find the person who meets the required criteria and has the ability to do the delegated task of shrinking for example to dedicate the above task of shrinking he has to check the skills of the staff. Define the task and outcomes that needed: After choosing the task and delegate it to the appropriate person, the next step is for Ron to define the task properly to the delegated person and also ensure that the person has fully understanding of the task and also explain the expected results for the task. For example to do the above shrinking task Ron will define the shrinking process completely to the staff and also get the agreement from the staff which can be in writing or verbal. Ron will also tell him that what results he has needed from him. For example the outcome for the above task can be shrink 100 products in one week to meet the deadlines. Provide resources: The third step of the effective delegation is to provide resources needed for the task to accomplish. The resources can be anything for example money, information about the process and also the different ideas and viewpoints from the previous experiences. In Rons situation he can provide documentation to do the shrinking process, finance, shrinking machines, shrink manuals and also labour which will help him to finish the process. Track and monitor the work: The next very important step is to track and monitor the task while the Staff is working on it. It is very important to monitor the task to get the expected results. Ron can d o the monitoring by communicating with the staff, and get the feedback time to time to ensure that staff is on the right track to accomplish the task. Ron can set the timelines for the staff to provide the feedback to him in every 2 days. This will help him in the case if something wrong happens in between the task such as if they run out of the fabrics. Ron will immediately resolve it if he will be aware of the issue. Evaluating the results: The last step in the effective delegation is evaluation. Evaluation process includes check the results meets the requirement and also check for any errors that has faced during the process. Ron can do this by checking the quality of the shrunk fabrics with respect to the previous shrunk clothes. Also, if they are not meeting the quality standards check the mistakes and errors that has found during the shrinking process. Ron has to also check the performance of the staff responsible for the task. If he worked well, choose him for the future t asks and also give him appreciation and rewards for effectively finishing the task.

Guide to Present Tenses for ESL

The Basics: Present Tenses: There are two present tenses: The present simple and the present continuous. The two tenses are quite different. Generally, the present simple is used to refer to everyday habits that you have. Use the present simple to talk about activities or routines which take place on a regular basis. Tom takes the A train to work every day.Peter usually gets home at seven in the evening. The present continuous is usually used to refer to events happening at the present moment in time. Theyre doing their homework at the moment.Marys playing tennis with Tom at the club right now. Present Simple Structure: Positive Subject Verb Objects I, You, We, They - eat lunch at noon. Subject Verb s Objects He, She, It - works well in any situation. Negative S do not (dont) Verb Objects I, You, We, They - dont enjoy opera. S does not (doesnt) Verb Objects He, She, It - doesnt belong to the club. Questions (Why, What, etc.) do S Verb Objects? Do - I, you, we, they - work in this town? (Why, What, etc.) does S Verb Objects? Does - he, she, it - live in this city? Present Continuous Structure: Positive Subject conjugate the helping verb be verb -ing. Im, Youre, Hes, Shes, Were, Youre, Theyre - working today. Negative Subject conjugate the helping verb be not verb -ing. Im not, You arent, He isnt, She isnt, We arent, You arent, They arent - coming this evening. Questions Question word conjugate the helping verb be subject verb -ing What - are you, they - doing this afternoon?What - is he, she - doing this afternoon? Study Present Tenses in Depth: Here are detailed guides to the present simple and the present continuous tenses. Each guide provides situations, common time expressions used with the tense, as well as examples. These guides were prepared especially for beginners and include dialogues and a short quiz. Present Simple for Beginners Its also important to know how to use adverbs of frequency with the present simple. Adverbs of frequency such as usually, often, etc. are used to tell how often you do something. I often go out on Saturday nights.They usually take the bus to work. Test Your Knowledge of Present Tenses: Once youve studied the rules - or if you already know the rules - test your knowledge: Adverbs of Frequency Quiz Teach a Lesson about the Present Tenses: There are five absolute beginner lessons related to the present simple on the site: Lesson for the present simple positive formLesson for the present simple negative formLesson on present simple question formLesson on using adverbs of frequency with the present simpleLesson on talking about daily habits with the present simple These lessons are great for helping students learn by rote, rather than through grammar exercises and serve as a good introduction to the tenses for false beginners. For the present continuous, here is a descriptive activity helping learners use the present continuous. Activities Concerning Present Tenses: Here are some fun classroom games that you can use in class, or on your own which will help you with giving instructions. Simon SaysColored Lego Blocks Finally, this grammar chant will help you practice the present simple - especially the third person singular (he, she, it)

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Analysis Of John Fitzgerald Kennedy s The Great Gatsby...

In 1957, the first and only United States President won a Pulitzer Prize for biography; it was titled â€Å"Profiles in Courage.† This same President would say in a speech given in Frankfurt, West Germany, â€Å"For time and the world do not stand still. Change is the law of life. And those who look only to the past, or the present, are certain to miss the future (Kennedy, 1963). This President was a visionary, who had creative and innovative foresight, that included the unthinkable at the time, that man would travel in space and land on the moon. That President was John Fitzgerald Kennedy (Michael, 1995). Kennedy strongly believed that â€Å"no nation which expects to be the leader of other nations can expect to stay behind in this race for space† (Kennedy 1962). His aspiration challenged the complacency and demands of the National Aeronautical and Space Administration (NASA) to go beyond its current performance, to search, create and surprise the American peopl e (Davila, Epstein, Shelton, 2006 p 257). Kennedy never saw his creative visionary idea become reality, because he was assassinated in 1963. But, in 1969, Astronaut Neil Armstrong stepped from Apollo 11 onto the surface of the moon and spoke these words â€Å"one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind†, words that still resonate Kennedy’s innovative idea and vision to land a man on the moon, and Armstrong words still causes American’s to beam with â€Å"USA† pride (Jones, 1995). Not only did man walk on the moon, inShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of John Fitzgerald Kennedy s The Great Gatsby 1757 Words   |  8 Pages A day meant for union, November 22, 1963, became a day of severance. John Fitzgerald Kennedy, a man who once promised to bring youth and innovation to America, was gunned down by a cold hearted killer, 6 floors up, thirsty for vengeance. A gun fired three bullets, one having broken the skin of one of America’s most respec ted men in the country. In just a single moment, America and all of its people lost their innocence. â€Å"My God, I’ve got his brains in my hand! (Jones 90),† exclaimed the first

Global Warming Is An Issue That Scientists And All People...

Many folks have heard of global warming which is also known as the Greenhouse effect, but don’t know if it’s real or not, well the answer is that it is real and hopefully by the end of reading this people will understand why. There are numerous thoughts about whether global warming is truly an issue that scientists and all people should be concerned with. Some people feel that climate change is not a threat at all, but at the same time others feel that global warming is a huge threat to people and to the environment. People have mixed feelings on whether global warming is truly a concern, while some also have disagreeing ideas when it comes to what degree the Earth is being affected by these changes. Many studies are being done to further†¦show more content†¦They are beginning to agree that global warming must be kept under control in order to avoid a major disaster. Not only is global warming just an issue in the United States, but it is becoming a very impo rtant international issue as well (Newton 181). Some scientists are beginning to promote the idea that everyone can help to slow the speed of global warming because it is becoming such a pressing issue. Due to the rapid pace of global warming, people must take action now to preserve the world as humans know it today. Global Warming is one of the more controversial topics in the world today. Some people feel that it is a big issue, while others don’t think as much about it. However, global warming has already proven itself to be a major problem we are encountering. A lot of people believe that this ‘warm spell’ is just that, a spell that’s going to pass with time. They think that the trends we are seeing are only part of a cycle and we have experienced them before. But if looked at the data, as well as the projected data scientists are now beginning to publish, they would see the degree of this ‘warm spell’ is many times worse than any people have ever had in the past. Global warming might be a new topic that causes people to react differently, but all large topics start out this way. As time goes on and humans continue to see the effects of global warming, it will become more accepted in our society because it won’t just be a controversial issu e that we talk

Odds of Earning a Career

tion: "Whose odds are better at earning a career in their profession ---a person who wishes to become a professional athlete in one of Major League Baseball, National Basketball Association, National Football League or National Hockey League or a person who wishes to become a Medical Doctor in Canada or the United States?". Answer: Introduction Professional athletes have a deep rooted role in the society. They are considered to be the modern ay heroes and are idolized by the aspiring young athletes. We can say that the purpose of the business in sports is for entertainment. But the role of medical doctor is to perform miracles in real life. They are considered to be the real heroes by saving lives of people. In a society the phenomenal works of a doctor or a surgeon is left ignored because people are often obsessed with being entertained. It is evident from surveys and studies that the works of a doctor or a surgeon is much more strenuous and laborious for a medical doctor than professional athletes. (Directessays.com, 2015) Odds Of Earning A Career Let us suppose the prospect of a person who wants to become a professional athlete either in Major League in Baseball or in National Basketball Association or National Football league or National Hockey League in the United States. United States Employment-to-Population ratio for persons aged 15-64 years for the year 2014 was 59.2% (Data.bls.gov, 2015) Employment-population ratio (percent) in The United States 2014(Stats.oecd.org, 2015) Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2014 58.8 58.8 58.8 59.0 58.9 58.9 59.0 59.0 59.0 59.2 59.2 59.2 Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics The data and the chart reveal that The US has witnessed an upward trend in the employment-population ratio but for January 2015 the rate is around 59.2 per cent. But the structure of the employment and the distribution of occupation is something that is question. Now coming back to the occupation in sports, for a high school player or a college player to play these sports professional is in question. The NCCAs official estimates regarding athletes in six major sports reveal that only in Baseball more than 2% of NCAA players go professional. Here are the relevant statistics: (Manfred, 2012) Sports College Players High School Players Baseball 11.60 0.6 Football 1.7 0.08 Men's Ice Hockey 1.3 0.1 Men's Basketball 1.2 0.03 Men's Soccer 1 0.04 Women's Basketball 0.9 0.03 Source: Business Insider The only distinguishing feature in this data is that baseball is the only sport where the count for professionalism is high for the college players. Now let us analyze the odds for becoming a doctor in the US. The US Bureau of Labor Statistics has project a growth in the employment of doctors, physicians and surgeons by 18 percent from 2012 to 2022. The primary reason for such growth is the expansion in the healthcare industries. The employment in 2012 was 691,400 and the projected employment for 2022 is 814,700. (Bls.gov, 2015) A study depicted that around 0.25 percent of all people in the US are doctors. But the aspiration of becoming a doctor is quite high right from elementary school which can be around 10-30 percent of all people. But however the percent drops with changing preference of occupation to around 2.5% so it can be said that around 0.8 percent to 2.5 percent of all people really become a doctor. (Facts, 2015) Conclusion Thus, whose odds are better depends upon the job openings and the occupational scenario. When most parents want their children to pursue medical courses, there are few parents who actually let them children be professional athletes. But aspiring to be a professional athlete and to turn the dream into reality is portraying a different picture. Economically, an athlete has a sound career but with the expansion of the health industries the prospect of becoming a doctor has opened up. References Bls.gov, (2015).Physicians and Surgeons : Occupational Outlook Handbook: : U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. [online] Available at: https://www.bls.gov/ooh/healthcare/physicians-and-surgeons.htm#tab-6 [Accessed 26 Feb. 2015]. Data.bls.gov, (2015).Bureau of Labor Statistics Data. [online] Available at: https://data.bls.gov/timeseries/LNS12300000 [Accessed 26 Feb. 2015]. Directessays.com, (2015).Essay on Professional Athletes vs. Doctors and Surgeons. [online] Available at: https://www.directessays.com/viewpaper/100384.html [Accessed 26 Feb. 2015]. Facts, U. (2015).Topic: Physicians. [online] www.statista.com. Available at: https://www.statista.com/topics/1244/physicians/ [Accessed 26 Feb. 2015]. Manfred, T. (2012).Here Are The Odds That Your Kid Becomes A Professional Athlete (Hint: They're Small). [online] Business Insider. Available at: https://www.businessinsider.com/odds-college-athletes-become-professionals-2012-2?IR=T#baseball-116-of-college-players-play-professionally-06-of-high-school-players-do-1 [Accessed 26 Feb. 2015]. Stats.oecd.org, (2015).LFS by sex and age - indicators. [online] Available at: https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DatasetCode=LFS_SEXAGE_I_R [Accessed 26 Feb. 2015].

Pre-Eclampsia or Pregnancy - Induced Hypertension

Question: Discuss the causes, risk factors, detection, treatment and complications? Answer: Introduction: Preeclampsia also referred as toxemia or pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH), is a multisystem disorder which is characterized by de novo hypertension and proteinuria or superimposed maternal hypertension or nephropathy in pregnant woman (Kanasaki Kalluri 2009), (Bell, 2010). This disease affects both the mother and the fetus usually beyond 20 weeks of gestational age. Although the reason behind this disease is not clear till date, but the disease is known to be recognized nearly 200 years ago (Kanasaki Kalluri 2009), (Bell, 2010) Preeclampsia is known to affect 2-5% of pregnancies. The rate exceeds to an approximate of 10-18% in some developing countries. According to a study, UK is one of the leading countries affected with this disease. One out of twenty (5%) women suffers from severe pre-eclampsia or eclampsia causing significant number of maternal deaths in UK. (NICE Clinical guideline). Statistical data reveal that every minute, somewhere in the world death occurs during pre gnancy or childbirth. This amount to an approximate of 1400 number of women death per day; more that 500,000 death every year. Additionally, maternal and fetus mortality is estimated to 13% worldwide in case of undetected preeclampsia (Scazzocchio Figueras 2011), (Marik and Plante, 2008). This multisystem disorder may be categorized into early-onset and late-onset preeclampsia. Early-onset preeclampsia shows fetal-growth restriction (FGR), abnormal uterine and umbilical artery. Doppler waveforms and adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes (Verlohren et al., 2014).Whereas, the late-onset preeclampsia is characterized with lower rate of maternal involvement and favorable perinatal outcomes. Abnormal placental implantation along with endothelial dysfunction is the main features of preeclampsia. Both the renal and vascular systems are affected altogether (Kanasaki Kalluri 2009),(Karumanchi et al., 2005). Causes: The exact cause of preeclampsia is unknown. Experts believe it begins in the placenta the organ that nourishes the foetus throughout pregnancy. In women with preeclampsia, these blood vessels don't seem to develop properly and limits the flow of blood (Redman, 2005), (Segers et al., 2007), (Karumanchi et al., 2005). Recent research show that the causative agent behind the pathogenesis of this disease is maternal endothelial dysfunction, which is mediated be the excess placenta derived soluble VEGF receptor 1 (sVEGFRI or Sflt1) (Venkatesha et al., 2006), (Luft, 2006), (Foidart et al.; 2010). Causes of this abnormal development may include: Insufficient blood flow to the uterus (Redman, 2005), (Karpov, 2010). Damage to the blood vessels (Karumanchi et al., 2005). A problem with the immune system (Segers et al., 2007) Mutation of certain genes likethe prothrombin (Factor II) and the Factor V Leiden (FVL) clotting factor (Karpov, 2010). Risk Factors: Pre-eclampsia develops only as a complication of pregnancy. Risk factors include: History of preeclampsia.A personal or family history of preeclampsia significantly raises your risk of preeclampsia (Jacquemyn, Y. Zemtsova, O., 2010), (Portelinha et al., 2010). First pregnancy.The risk of developing preeclampsia is highest during your first pregnancy (Jacquemyn, Y. Zemtsova, O., 2010), (Nirmalan, 2013). New paternity.Each pregnancy with a new partner increases the risk of preeclampsia over a second or third pregnancy with the same partner (Jacquemyn, Y. Zemtsova, O., 2010), (James, 2013). The risk of preeclampsia is higher for pregnant women older than 40 (Jacquemyn, Y. Zemtsova, O., 2010). (Sibai et al., 2005) The risk of preeclampsia is higher if you're obese (Jacquemyn, Y. Zemtsova, O., 2010). (Sibai, Dekker and Kupferminc, 2005), (Karumanchi et al., 2005). Multiple pregnancies.Preeclampsia is more common in women who are carrying twins, triplets or other multiples (Jacquemyn, Y. Zemtsova, O., 2010), (Nirmalan, 2013). Interval between pregnancies.Having babies less than two years or more than 10 years apart leads to a higher risk of preeclampsia (Jacquemyn, Y. Zemtsova, O., 2010), (Nirmalan, 2013). History of certain conditions.Having certain conditions before you become pregnant such as chronic high blood pressure, migraine headaches, type 1 or type 2 diabetes, kidney disease, a tendency to develop blood clots, or lupus increases your risk of preeclampsia (Jacquemyn, Y. Zemtsova, O., 2010), (KIVEL, 2010). Detection: In the majority of cases, symptoms of preeclampsia aren't noticeable. Women may experience headache, blurred vision, upper abdominal pain and unexplained anxiety. Serious cases of preeclampsia may result in seizures (Tuovinen et al.; 2010). Abnormalities of the liver, kidneys and blood clotting mechanisms may also be present. Dramatic weight gain, a decrease in urine output, blurry vision, nausea, and abdominal pain maybe reasons to watch more closely for the development of preeclampsia. (Sibai et al., 2005). Typically, preeclampsia occurs in the late 2nd or 3rd trimesters of pregnancy (Young, B.C. et al., 2010), (Tuovinen et al.; 2010), (Wood, 2013). Treatment: The only effective treatment for preeclampsia is delivery. Doctors will take into consideration gestation of the fetus in terms of development before inducing labor. If a woman has a good support system in her home, she can manage mild preeclampsia with bed rest and frequent visits to her obstetrical care provider. She may also need to monitor her blood pressure at home on a regular basis. Serious cases of preeclampsia may require admission to the hospital for more intensive monitoring of both the mother and unborn baby. If tests indicate that the health of either of the mother or fetus is at risk, an obstetrician may recommend inducing labor early or performing a caesarean section (Downing, 2010). A study by the Magpie Trial Collaborative Group in June of 2002 found that magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) can ease the symptoms of preeclampsia and has reduced seizures stemming from eclampsiaby56% when given intravenously in a controlled environment by trained staff (Tukur, 2009). Magnesium su lfate has been a standard treatment option in the U.S. since the1950s; however, it is not widely used internationally (Kenny, L.C. et al., 2010), (Tukur, 2009). For women at high risk of pre eclampsia may be detected by the application of ultrasound markers (Mace et al., 2012). Complications: Lack of blood flow to the placenta.Preeclampsia affects the arteries carrying blood to the placenta. If the placenta doesn't get enough blood, your baby may receive less oxygen and fewer nutrients. This can lead to slow growth, low birth weight, or preterm birth. Prematurity can lead to breathing problems for the baby (Jacquemyn, Y. Zemtsova, O., 2010). Placental abruption.Preeclampsia increases your risk of placental abruption, in which the placenta separates from the inner wall of your uterus before delivery. Severe abruption can cause heavy bleeding and damage to the placenta, which can be life-threatening for both you and your baby (Jacquemyn, Y. Zemtsova, O., 2010), (Keiski-Nisula et al., 2009), (Wood, 2013). HELLP syndrome.HELLP which stands for haemolysis (the destruction of red blood cells), elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count syndrome can rapidly become life-threatening for both you and your baby. Symptoms of HELLP syndrome include nausea and vomiting, headache, and upper right abdominal pain. HELLP syndrome is particularly dangerous because it represents damage to several organ systems. On occasion, it may develop suddenly, even before high blood pressure is detected (Jacquemyn, Y. Zemtsova, O., 2010) (Pourrat et al., 2012), (Clarke and Nelson-Peirsey, 2008). When preeclampsia isn't controlled, eclampsia which is essentially preeclampsia plus seizures can develop. Symptoms that suggest imminent eclampsia include upper right abdominal pain, severe headache, vision problems and change in mental status, such as decreased alertness. Because eclampsia can have serious consequences for both mom and baby, delivery becomes necessary, regardless of how far along the pregnancy is (Jacquemyn, Y. Zemtsova, O., 2010). Cardiovascular disease.Having preeclampsia may increase your risk of future heart and blood vessel (cardiovascular) disease. The risk is even greater if you've had preeclampsia more than once or you've had a preterm delivery. 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